This literature review delves into the multifaceted aspect of infertility, providing a comprehensive examination of semen abnormalities, etiological factors, and advancements in reproductive medicine, with a particular focus on in vitro fertilization (IVF). The definition of infertility as the failure to achieve pregnancy within 12 months of unprotected intercourse is outlined, emphasizing the distinction between infertility, subfertility, and sterility. Epidemiological insights reveal the global prevalence of infertility, underscoring that males contribute to 20-30% of cases. A historical perspective reveals a concerning decline in sperm quality over the decades, with studies indicating a significant reduction in sperm count, motility, and morphology. Noteworthy findings from diverse regions, including Africa, Europe, Tunisia, and Indonesia, underscore the global relevance of male infertility. Specific semen abnormalities such as oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, teratozoospermia, azoospermia, and leukospermia are discussed, shedding light on their clinical implications. The etiology section explores various factors contributing to male infertility, including varicocele, mitochondrial mutations, lifestyle choices (smoking, obesity), and exposure to environmental toxins. The pathophysiology section elucidates how these factors impact testicular function, mitochondrial DNA, and hormonal balance, ultimately affecting spermatogenesis and sperm quality. In the context of assisted reproductive technologies, the paper delves into the role of IVF, with a particular emphasis on intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The procedural details of IVF, success rates, and its pivotal role in managing compromised semen parameters are discussed. The abstract concludes by acknowledging the prevalence of female infertility, highlighting key epidemiological insights, etiological factors, and management strategies, underscoring the broader context of reproductive health.

semen abnormalities

infertility

reproductive medicine