Pneumothorax, characterized by the entry of air into the pleural space, has a rich history dating back to ancient Greece. The comprehensive review aims to enhance the understanding of spontaneous pneumothorax (SP), offering valuable insights into its classification, pathophysiology, epidemiology, chief complaints, clinical signs, complications, risk factors, diagnostic tools, and management strategies. The International Classification of Diseases Eleventh Revision (ICD-11) includes primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) and secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP) into the other spontaneous pneumothorax category. SP incidence rates vary globally, with predisposition in younger males and older females. Chief complaints typically include dyspnea and pleuritic chest pain, while additional clinical signs involve altered SpO2 levels, increased heart and respiratory rates, and reduced chest wall expansion in severe cases. Diagnostic tools, ranging from chest X-rays to computed tomography scans and ultrasound, play crucial roles in accurate diagnosis, considering variations in disease presentation. Conservative and non-surgical management approaches are favoured, with observation, simple aspiration, and chest physiotherapy demonstrating efficacy. Surgical interventions, such as video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) and open thoracotomy, become considerations in recurrent or severe cases. This article reviews key facts and trends, providing a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted nature of spontaneous pneumothorax and the importance of tailored approaches to SP based on individual patient characteristics and symptoms.

epidemiology

tuberculosis

risk factor

pneumothorax