This comprehensive literature review critically examines the incidence and pivotal risk factors contributing to retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) among very preterm and very low birthweight infants. Synthesizing a spectrum of studies, it meticulously evaluates the multifaceted roles of gestational age and birthweight as primary determinants influencing the vulnerability of premature infants to ROP. Furthermore, it delineates the intricate relationship between oxygen supplementation, a critical clinical intervention, and its impact on ROP pathogenesis, emphasizing the importance of optimal oxygen management strategies. Additionally, the review elucidates the association between respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), a common complication in premature neonates, and the heightened risk of ROP development. Investigating sepsis and blood transfusion as potential contributors, it scrutinizes their influence on ROP incidence and severity within this fragile population. This synthesis underscores recent advancements in preventive measures, screening protocols, and tailored management approaches, highlighting the significance of early detection and targeted interventions. However, persistent gaps in the literature advocate for further research to elucidate additional risk factors and refine neonatal care practices. This review underscores the urgent need for ongoing research endeavours to enhance understanding, optimize care strategies, and mitigate the burden of ROP among these high-risk infants.

Retinopathy of Prematurity

Low Birthweight Infants

Risk Factors

Premature Infants